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Uddrag af besøgsrapport Besøg[6] aflagt af Jørgen Skawbo (billedet herunder) på Nationalmuseet 1. nov. 1993.Formål: At opmåle spydspidser og sværd, samt se på detaljer, for at kunne fremstille så nøjagtige kopier af våbnene som muligt. Under besøget diskutere evt. usikkerheder vedrørende svejsning eller anden tænkelig lukning af døller. Sammen med Flemming Kaul (FK) (forfatteren til "Da våbnene tav") blev spydspidser og sværd udtaget af montren og bragt op i biblioteket. Følgende numre blev opmålt (Rosenbergs nummerering): Spydspidser nr. 350, 355, 357, 458. Nr. 356 kunne ikke umiddelbart udtages pga. dens ophængningsmåde, hvorfor jeg kun så og "mærkede" denne. Sværdene nr. 516, 524, samt et valgt fra FK's bog længst til højre på side 24. Nr. 515 var udlånt til Haderslev Museum.Våbnene er meget skøre, idet der faktisk kun er jernoxyder tilbage af de fordums så prægtige blankvåben. Håndteringen skulle derfor foregå med begge hænder som understøtning og i fuld respekt for bevarelsen af hver en lille "skal" på æggene. For at få flest mulige mål taget med min skydelære og tommestok drejede og tippede jeg emnerne mens de lå på et hvidt stykke papir på bordet. Nogle ønskede mål ville pga. overfladens beskaffenhed blive "rent gætværk" hvorfor jeg undlod disse målinger og overlader disse til hvad udfaldet bliver på kopierne idet vi - ligesom jernaldersmeden - må acceptere resultatet efter "vel udført håndværk".Med lup blev døllernes samling eftersøgt. Jeg fandt ingen tegn på samlinger overhovedet og det kan skyldes 2 ting. Den sorte ujævne oxydoverflade vil skjule en samling som en blank jernoverflade ville have afsløret som en "streg" - eller der er foretaget en svejsning og derfor ingen synlig samling. Essesvejsning af så tyndt materiale (taber omgående "smeltevarmen" - eller ødelægges af "hetz") er det svært at tro helhjertet på. Der er nok størst sandsynlighed for at samlingerne er enten "overlappet" og smedet glat ud - eller gjort pænt rette og "stødt" tæt sammen og glatsmedet over en dorn. Et tyndt træskaft ville knække før en dølle ville åbne sig!Målskitserne indeholder mine subjektive bemærkninger.Vi er iflg. Fl. Kaul velkomne til at besøge Nationalmuseet igen. Han ser frem til se båden sejle op ad Frederiksholms Kanal og lægge til ved museet.J. Skawbo Efter billedet bliver der vist eksempler på de kopier vi har lavet af spyd, lanser og sværd. Jørgen Skawbo, smeder bladet på et "Hjortspring jern". Spyd og lanser Spydklasser ifølge Ships and Boats [3] Tegning: B. Skaarup [3] Forskellig forskere kar klassificeret spyd og lanser i forskellige klasser, her refereres der til tre forskere: Spyd / lanseRandsborg [1]Becker [2]Rosenberg [7]Billedet herover [3]Kort, bredt spydhoved med midterribbe, kort dølle, 5-16 cm lang, - 5 cm bred.Type 1AαCLangt, smalt spydhoved, skarp midterribbe, kort dølle, 13-29 cm lang, - 3,2 cm bred.Type 2BβBLang, smal bajonetlignende, 13-25-43,5 cm lang - 2,7-5,6 cm bred. Dyb indtrængen.Type 3 γ Kraftig, bred lanse, 12-36,5 cm lang, - 6,2-7,5 cm bred.Type 4CδDKraftig, bred lanse, 29,5 cm lang, - 7,5 cm bred. Kobberindlæg.Type 4CδA Spidser af jern Fra medlemsmappen Målskitser for spyd af forskellige typerEt beskrivelse af vores fremstilling af spydspids med midterribe.Jeg har ikke kunnet finde overensstemmelse mellem vores kopier og de specifikke beskrivelser hos Rosenberg, bortset fra det første, #355.Der er vist eksempler på spyd og lanser, der er repræsentative for de klasser Randsborg har defineret. Det er ikke alle vore kopier der er vist. Spyd af type 1, #355, indvendig dølle. Foto: Ib Stolberg-Rohr. Type 1 (#355) Har et kort bredt spydspids med en midterribbe og en kort til meget kort dølle, længden af spydbladet er mellem 5 - 16 cm og bredden op til 5 cm. Spyddet har været et kastespyd. Vi har ikke fremstillet spyd af denne form.Det viste afviger fra de andre i gruppen idet det meget langt - næsten 30 cm, og 7,5 cm bredt. Ydermere har det en indvendig dølle. Det var, som det eneste, forsynet med en udsmykning i form af et indlagt kobberbånd hvor spydet var bredest, båndet var 0,3 cm bredt og 2,2 cm langt og anbragt på begge sider af døllen.Se en beskrivelse af fremstilling af spyd med midterribbe her. Uden ribbe: 175 mm.Foto: Ib Stolberg-Rohr. Med ribbe: 194 mm. Foto: Ib Stolberg-Rohr. Type 2 Har et lang, smal spydspids og med en, sædvanligvis, kraftig midterribbe og en kort dølle, længden af spydbladet er mellem 13 - 29 cm og bredden midt på bladet på op til 3,2 cm. Det ser ud til at denne form har været designet til dyb indtrængen, måske i en ringbrynje.Der fundet 34 stk. af denne type. Lanse: 315 mm lang. Foto: Ib Stolberg-Rohr. Type 3 Har et lang, smal bajonetlignende lansespids og med en, sædvanligvis, kraftig midterribbe og en lang dølle op til 12 cm lang, længden af spydbladet er mellem 13 - 25 - 43,5 cm og bredden ved bladets base på 2,7 - 5,6 cm. Det ser også ud til at denne form har været designet til dyb indtrængen.  Lansen har været et nærkampsvåben.Der fundet 8 stk. af denne type. Lanse, 355 mm lang.Foto: Ib Stolberg-Rohr. Lanse, 315 mm lang. Foto: Ib Stolberg-Rohr. Type 4 Har et kraftigt, effektfuld, bred lansespids og med en, sædvanligvis, kraftig midterribbe og en middellang dølle, længden af spydbladet er mellem 12 - 36,5 cm og bredden ved bladets base på 6,2 - 7,5 cm. Lansen har været et nærkampsvåben.Der fundet 64 stk. af denne type.  Spidser af hjortetak eller rørknogle Spydspids af fåreknogle. Foto: Ib Stolberg-Rohr. Der er fundet 31 spydspidser af enten hjortetakker eller knogler.Der er to udformninger:Med rund base. Der er fundet 5 stk. af hjortetak, de er udhulet for skaftet og med tværgående hul til låsestift.Med treside base. Der fundet 26 stk., de er lavet af rørknogler fra får eller ged. Disse er skåret skråt af for at danne en skarp spids. Også disse har haft tværgående hul til låsestift.Låsestifterne til disse spydspidser er lavet af ben eller træ. Skafter En monteret lanse med skaft og tværstift. Foto: Ib Stolberg-Rohr. Der er fundet afbrudte skafter i de fleste døller ved kanten af døllen. Nogle få spyd havde længere skafter, op til ½ m. Diameteren af skaftet uden for døllen er ca. 4 mm større end døllens huldiameter ved kanten, så der har været en kant. Vi kender ikke skaftlængden til de forskellige typer af spyd. Kastespyd skal vel have en skaftlængde på ca. 2 m, hvis spydet skal have en god flugt i luften. Skafterne formodes at være lavet af ask.Note: Skaftet på billedet er yderlig limet med harpikslim, det er der ingen dokumentation for i fundet. Spydet har været udlånt til Danmarks Radio i forbindelse med udsendelsen: Historien om Danmark, hvor vi deltog i afsnit 2: Metallernes Tid. Så for at være sikker på at det ikke skilte ad, blev det, og de andre udlånte, limet. Tilbehør til spidserne Sikringsstifter til spydspidser. Foto: Ib Stolberg-Rohr. Stift / nagle af jern eller bronze Stifterne er 28 mm lange og Ø4 mm.De er beregnet til at fastholde spyd og skaft. Der var boret et hul gennem døllen og skaftet i samme plan som spydbladet, bortset fra et tilfælde, spydet med indvendig dølle, her var hullet boret vinkelret på spydbladet. Rillerne en stifternes ender kan "fanges" døllens kant og således forhindre at stiften for nemt kan glide ud.Se et eksempel på brugen af stiften i spyd-B i billedet ovenfor.Alle spyd, også dem af ben eller tak, havde et hul til en sådan fastgørelse. Sværd Fire sværd fra Hjortspringfundet. Tegning: B. Skaarup. [4] Der er fundet dele af 11 sværd, 8 nogenlunde hele og 3 i brudstykker. Alle sværdene er en-æggede med grebtungen i sværdets midterakse. Ryggen var i mange tilfælde meget bred og klingen hulslebet, se billedet ovenfor. Der er fundet et par hele sværdskeder og brudstykker af et par andre. De var fremstillet af to tynde asketræsplader, holdt sammen af metalbånd.Rosenberg opdeler sværdene i 3 grupper: [5] GruppeBeskrivelseBilledetAOmfatter 6 eksemplarer. De 3, næsten, hele, er mellem 48,5 og 70 cm lange og fra 1,4 til 2,6 cm brede. Ryggen er mellem 8 og 10 mm brede. ABOmfatter 2 eksemplarer. Det ene er 31,5 cm langt og 3,5 cm bred foroven, der er fundet bronzebånd til pynt ved hæftet. Det andet er et kraftigt våben, nærmest en huggert, klingen er 28 cm lang og 7 cm bred ved roden, der er fundet dele af hæftet. Ryggen er ikke så udpræget på disse to.B, CCOmfatter 3 eksemplarer. De har alle plane flader og ikke en udvidet ryg. Klingerne er fra 36 til 45 cm lange og mellem 2 og 3,5 cm brede.D Fra Medlemsmappen Beskrivelser af de fundne sværd, med kommentarer.Der er vist eksempler på sværd, der er repræsentative for nogle af de klasser Rosenberg har defineret. Sværd af type A, 625 mm langt. Foto: Ib Stolberg-Rohr. Jeg har ikke, hos Rosenberg, fundet en beskrivelse der helt svarer til dette sværd, det der kommer nærmest, er #517[9] (A i billedet ovenfor), dette er dog 530 mm langt og ca. 18 mm bred, hvor vores er 625 mm langt og 35 mm ved største breddde. Sværd af type A #524, en "huggert". Foto: Ib Stolberg-Rohr. Sværd #524 Om det er et sværd, en huggert eller en kniv til afgrening af små træer og buske, er vanskeligt at afgøre[10]. Det er i hvert tilfælde en tung sag. Bladet er 280 mm langt og 70 mm bred. Der var dele af et greb / hæfte, det var afsluttet ved klingen med et 10 mm bredt jernbånd og fastgjort til klingens grebtunge med to nitter. Grebets udformning er vores fortolkning. Denne artikel er stykket sammen af Ib This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.. Du er velkommen til at skrive, hvis du har kommentarer. Noter og henvisninger 1. KR, p. 262. BC3. SB5, p. 147 4. SB5, p. 1515. GR, p. 406. MM afsnit 6.03.1 7. GR, p. 448. GR, Fig. 24 p. 41, tekst p. 449. GR, Fig. 24 p. 41, tekst p. 4010. GR, Fig. 24 p. 41, tekst p. 42 Kilder KR. Randsborg, K. Hjortspring. Warfare and Sacrifice in Early Europe.BC. Becker, C.J. Die zeitliche Stellung des Hjortspring-FundesSB5. Crumlin-Pedersen, O. et. Al. Hjortspring. A pre-roman Iron-Age Warship in ContextGR.  Rosenberg, G. Hjortspringfundet.MM. Medlemsmappen
Extract from the visit report Extract from Lars Balleby's visit report from the National Museum's department in Brede, 8 April 2010.Purpose: Primarily to investigate whether the shields from the Hjortspring boat curved at any joints and whether the thickness of the shields decreased from the centre towards the edges.In addition, to obtain as much information about the shields and their accessories as possible. I was very well received by the conservators Poul Jensen and Inger Bojesen-Kofoed (IB-K). The latter, who was responsible for the Hjortspring boat and its wooden accessories, had retrieved 10 shields, a box of handles and a few boxes of shield dents from storage. IB-K very much regretted that they did not have the financial means to continue the conservation work that had begun. This was evident in shield no. A1, where the conservation of half the shield had been stopped.Apart from the two shields that had been exhibited at Sønderborg Castle, none of the shields had been completed by the conservators.IB-K had done a great deal of work to be able to help with the requested information, but as neither she nor Poul Jensen were archaeologists, it was limited what additional information they could provide.IB-K also said that it was a lucky time for me, because in a short while all the shields will be transported to an old bunker, as they no longer have storage space for them in Brede. Unfortunately, there is no air-conditioning in the warehouse in Brede and certainly not in the bunker.In general, it is impossible to say whether the shields were originally curved. At the time of recording, they had all been placed on lead plates.Apparently, all the shields decrease in thickness from the centre towards the edges.Due to time and the initial method of preservation, all the figures given below should be treated with caution and can be used primarily as ratios. The following shields were measured: A127a, A105, A37, A119, A64, A120, A1, A121, A85 and one that had no number.This is followed by a series of tables with measurements. [3]Balleby From the Members folder Descriptions and dimensions for shield plates. PDFDescriptions and measurements for shield bosses.The shields shown here are the ones we have completed. There may be more to come, to show other ways of making shields. The first two of the ones shown here are made with one and two pieces of shield plate respectively. We have also found shield plates made with more than two pieces of linden wood[4] and with different assembly methods.We have used shields to practice the technique of working with thin sheets of linden wood. This has resulted in several unfinished shields. They are used in the workshop to show the construction of a shield. Shield with shield boss and grip carved from a piece of wood #127a Front of shield with fixed shield boss. Photo: H.P. Rasmussen. Back of shield with fixed shield boss and grip. Photo: H.P. Rasmussen. It is the only shield in the Hjortspring find that is made from one piece of wood. the shield measures approximately 800 x 330 mm.Note: The grip on the found shield was across the shield, as on all the other shields, a very vulnerable construction! So here there is a deviation. Shield with separate shield boss and handle Shield plate in one piece of wood Front of shield with loose shield boss and handle. Photo: H.P. Rasmussen. Back of shield with loose shield boss and handle. Photo: H.P. Rasmussen. This shield is made with the shield plate made from a piece of wood, like most in the group of long, narrow shields - length/width > 2. On this one the ratio is 2:3.The shield boss is glued (with resin glue) to the shield plate and secured with two dowels from the back.The handle is ‘turned’ into a circular groove in the oval hole for the hand. The grip could be secured against coming loose in several different ways:Resin glue in the furrow.A triangular wooden strip glued into the groove behind the handle.Nails through the shield plate and at the edge of the handle ‘’thread stud‘’, see shield #35 below. Principle of loose shield handle. Shield handle mounted. According to Peter Vang Petersen, Curator at the National Museum of Denmark, the shields were covered with rawhide (although we used calf parchment - ‘drum skin’ - for our copy of shield no. 35).The statement came in connection with a lecture, 2009-04-22, about the finds in Nydam Mose, where small remnants of leather have been found on some of the shield boards, which in themselves are too thin to provide any kind of protection (similar to the shields from the Hjortspring find). Shield plate made of 2 or more pieces of wood Shield #35 The painted front of shield #35. Photo: Ib Stolberg-Rohr The painted back of shield #35. Photo: Ib Stolberg-Rohr The shield plate of shield #35 is made of 2 pieces of linden wood joined together with 4 dowels and glued with resin glue.The shield boss is made from a block of lime wood and glued to the assembled shield plate with resin glue and secured with 4 dowels, 2 in each half of the plate.The shield boss is extended with a moulding at both ends, which is cut out of the shield plate.The handle on the back is turned into a groove in the edge of the shield plate, as explained above. As the only shield in the find, this shield has secured the handle with two iron nails that go through the shield plate in such a way that the edge of the handle ends, with a semicircular notch, is blocked from turning. One rivet has a soldered (brazed with copper) iron wire that rests on the other rivet, where it is secured with a binding.The shield is painted, which is not justified in the Hjortspring find. However, people in the Celtic Iron Age were fascinated by patterns, which is why the front of the shield also features two sun symbols - this pattern was found in the bog and was also used for the front support between the horns on Tilia.The shield is covered with glued calf parchment on both sides and with edge stitching outside the shield. A bent strip of parchment is used for the stitching so that there are four layers of parchment. The sewing stitches are of the same type as those used to sew Tilia, i.e. self-locking.The glue is ‘harelim’ (a glue made from the fur and skin of small animals). Both glue and parchment are sensitive to moisture, so the surface is protected by boiled linseed oil (linseed oil varnish), which over time turns into a lacquer-like surface.No skins of any kind have been found in Hjortspring Mose, but the chemistry of the bog does not allow this either. It is fair to say that the shields have little value as protection as they have been found, with a plate thickness of around 5 - 8 mm.The only find of anything resembling a skin covering is a find in Borremose. A reconstruction of a shield with a skin covering like this find can be seen at the museum in Års. The complete description of the production of this shield can be found in the Member folder, section 6.02.4Trials with leather covered shields, conducted by Lejre Test Centre, an extract can be seen here in section 6.02.4.1Trials with bows and arrows, conducted by Lejre Test Centre, an extract can be seen here in section 6.02.4.2  The Roman author Publius Cornelius Tacitus (ca. 56 - 120 AD):Describes in Germania the manners and customs of the Germanic tribes, a few of which can be related to the Hjortspring find:6,1:(...)Even the horsemen make do with shield and framea[1]. The footmen also have throwing weapons - each man several - which they hurl enormously far, naked or wearing only a light cloak. There is nothing ostentatious about their armour, only that they adorn their shields with the gayest colours [2].(...)6.4:(...)Leaving your shield on the battlefield is a particularly dishonourable act.(...) This article is pieced together by This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.. Feel free to write if you have any comments. Notes and citations 1. Framea is a spear.2. My highlight3. MM, section 6.02.14. MM, section 6.02.5 The shield plate of shield #123 consists of 3 pieces. Sources GR.  Rosenberg, G. Hjortspringfundet.PT. Tacitus, P.C. GermaniaMM. Medlemsmappen Language The text in this article has been translated from Danish to English using the free DeepL translation programme. 
Our experiences with Tilia based on member sailing and testing in the first 10 years.The report is divided into two periods:  The first 4 yearsThe first 10 years  Boat condition after 4 years Tilia has participated in many small and large events over the years, both in Denmark and Germany. There have been numerous TV recordings, with broadcasts in Norway, Sweden and Denmark, some of which are occasionally rebroadcast.There has been ongoing maintenance of Tilia, she has even been subjected to constructive changes in an attempt to fill in the ‘gaps’ in the original Hjortspring find.The further life of Tilia is described in:Guild activities In the four years since its inauguration, Tilia has been launched 13 times. When not sailing, it is towed ashore and driven up to the Linde shipyard. Only when sailing for several days does it remain in the water, well guarded even at night.This procedure means that after a period in the shipyard hall, the boat is completely dried out and very leaky. It is sealed, at least to some extent, by filling the boat with water up to the lower seams and keeping the water level there for a few days.In the beginning, the water flows out strongly, but after only 6 hours the water flow subsides. Where holes can still be found, these are sealed with ox tallow. In addition, we have started sealing longer cracks with a mixture of spruce resin and ox tallow in a ratio of 80/20. Over time, all seams will have been covered with a resin layer, bringing the boat closer to the appearance of the original Hjortspring boat when it was excavated.Some long cracks that have appeared in the side planks have been fitted with exterior ash wood mouldings that have been sewn on. Overall, the side planks are the most fragile elements of the boat. Either they are subjected to particularly heavy loads or the side planks are made of particularly poor quality wood. The boat is sealed with resin and painted with wood tar. Photo: H.P. Rasmussen. None of the seams have sheered.Handling the Tilia during removal from the trolley and putting it back on the trolley has caused disproportionate loads. A crane arrangement that has been introduced has helped with this load. We must recognise that the alternating drying out and wetting out is partly to blame for the cracking. The boat is tarred on the outside and coated on the inside with linseed oil once a year.She has been in the water for 281 hours, 73 of which she has sailed. In total, she has travelled approximately 300 nautical miles. The first 10 years A small printed booklet of 12 A4 pages has been published about the first 10 years. It is available in PDF format.The publication contains the following sections:Sailing overviewConstructive choicesMaterial choicePaddlingLong distance sailingStabilityBoardingSteeringSailing with Sails The PDF print is divided into two parts:Beskrivelsen, without text on centre pages (page 6 & 7)Midtersiderne (an A3 image) Sources Hvad Haanden former er Aandens Spor. Language The text in this article has been translated from Danish to English using the free DeepL translation programme. 
The weather during the tests in 2000 was not suitable for long-distance sailing. As mentioned, it was very important to clarify the boat's day cruising potential as an input to the archaeologists' assessments of ancient seafaring connections. In connection with an agreement between NMF, NMU, NM and HSBL to jointly write a volume in the series ‘Ships and Boats of the North’ about the Hjortspring boat, a passage had been included about a renewed test, this time with the sole purpose of determining how far a crew could sail the boat in one day.NMF again contacted the dragon boat club Nord, whose crew was willing to retest.In connection with the planning, an agreement was made with DR2 about recordings to be used for a broadcast in the programme ‘Viden om’ about the Hjortspring boat.On Friday 11 May 2001, Tilia, which had been in the water for a few days, was launched in Dyvig. During the winter, the guild had installed new, stronger and wider bottom boards in the boat. Six new, longer paddles had been manufactured for frames 1, 9 and 10. The paddle shafts were also cut oval where the lower hand grips, and they were generally made lighter. Finally, the blade on all paddles had been sharpened.Max Vinner was responsible for coordinating the tests together with Rikke Johansen, also from Vikingeskibshallen. As the trips were expected to take place over open water far from the coast, the guild had entered into an agreement with Jørn and Ulla Jensen, who in their 27' motorboat, Jumbo, would act as escort boat together with a motor dinghy from Dyvig Bådelaug. Jumbo would also act as a platform for DR2's video photographer and reporter.On 11 May, the dragon boat crew arrived, 25 men in total. After the proper weighing, they cast off. On board were all the dragon boat crew, Max, Rikke and two men from the guild. Including large amounts of drinking water (the paddlers were expected to break a sweat), the total weight was 3,023kg. Tour 1 to Barsø On 11 May, Tilia started at 11am, sailed out through Stegs Vig and northwards, east and north of Barsø. The weather was ideal, no wind and clear water. This meant that the results were the best achievable.The pace was chosen to be 52 strokes/minute. On the north coast of Barsø, Tilia entered the beach so the crew could ‘de-water’ and have lunch. The trip continued into Genner Bay, further out and home towards Dyvig. In total, 23 nautical miles were sailed in just over 5 hours.Søren Boisen had brought along a GPS navigator with memory. This made it possible to measure the route of the sailing trip and its exact extent. Tilia on a long trip in Lillebælt north of Als. Photo: K.V. Valbjørn. Tilia on a long trip in Lillebælt north of Als. Photo: K.V. Valbjørn. Tour 2 to Sønderborg The next day, 12 May, Tilia took another long trip, this time south, through Als Fjord and Als Sund. Just south of Sønderborg Castle, we stopped at a small beach to ‘water off’, rest and have lunch. Tilia at anchor just south of Sønderborg Castle. Photo: K.V. Valbjørn. On the return trip to Dyvig, various experiments were carried out to find a method for the crew to rest in turn. It turned out that a frequency where frames 10 and 5 rested for three minutes, followed by frames 9 and 4 and so on, provided a sufficient rest break for each paddler.This meant that each individual paddled for 12 minutes and rested for 3 minutes. According to the theory, this should reduce the speed by 6%. In reality, the speed hardly decreased, as the three-minute break increased the power to grab hold. The crew believed that they could continue for many hours if this method was used.The Dyvig-Sønderborg-Dyvig trip, which was 25 nautical miles, was completed at just under 5 knots. In Als Sund. It could also have looked like this 350 years before the birth of Christ. Photo: Flemming Kaul. The long-distance races were completed with a good and satisfactory result, especially considering that the crew from the dragon boat club were actually sprinters rather than tour paddlers. The two long-distance races in 2001. Drawing: K.V. Valbjørn. Sources Hvad Haanden former er Aandens Spor. Language The text in this article has been translated from Danish to English using the free DeepL translation programme. 
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